Some of the Things you do that is Related with Laws of Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. In particular, it describes how thermal energy is converted to and from other forms of energy and how it affects matter.





So What do you think are the things you do That is Related to Thermodynamics?

Here are some examples:

1.Taking a Bath

 Consider a situation where a person takes a very long bath. Immediately during and after filling up the bathtub, the water is very hot -- as high as 120 degrees Fahrenheit. The person will then turn off the water and submerge his body into it. Initially, the water feels comfortably warm, because the water's temperature is higher than the person's body temperature. After some time, however, some heat from the water will have transferred to the individual, and the two temperatures will meet. After a bit more time has passed, because this is not a closed system, the bath water will cool as heat is lost to the atmosphere. The person will cool as well, but not as much, since his internal homeostatic mechanisms help keep his temperature adequately elevated.

2. Sweating in a Crowded Room
 The human body obeys the laws of thermodynamics. Consider the experience of being in a small crowded room with lots of other people. In all likelihood, you'll start to feel very warm and will start sweating. This is the process your body uses to cool itself off. Heat from your body is transferred to the sweat. As the sweat absorbs more and more heat, it evaporates from your body, becoming more disordered and transferring heat to the air, which heats up the air temperature of the room. Many sweating people in a crowded room, "closed system," will quickly heat things up. This is both the first and second laws of thermodynamics in action: No heat is lost; it is merely transferred, and approaches equilibrium with maximum entropy.

3. Melting Ice Cube

 Every day, ice needs to be maintained at a temperature below the freezing point of water to remain solid. On hot summer days, however, people often take out a tray of ice to cool beverages. In the process, they witness the first and second laws of thermodynamics. For example, someone might put an ice cube into a glass of warm lemonade and then forget to drink the beverage. An hour or two later, they will notice that the ice has melted but the temperature of the lemonade has cooled. This is because the total amount of heat in the system has remained the same, but has just gravitated towards equilibrium, where both the former ice cube (now water) and the lemonade are the same temperature. This is, of course, not a completely closed system. The lemonade will eventually become warm again, as heat from the environment is transferred to the glass and its contents.


4. Hot Frying Pan
The iron atoms in a hot frying pan (system) in a room (surroundings) are vibrating very rapidly, like fast ‘dancing in place’. Therefore, considering both the pan and the room, the motional energy in the hot pan is localized. Its motional energy will disperse — if it can and is not hindered from spreading out, according to the second law. Whenever the less rapidly moving molecules in the cooler air of the room hit the hot pan, the fast-vibrating iron atoms transfer some of their energy to the air molecules. The pan’s localized energy thus becomes dispersed, spread out more widely to molecules in the room air.

5. Air in tire
Air in a tire is at a higher pressure than the atmosphere around it and so it shoots out even from a small hole. What could that have to do with a big deal like the second law of thermodynamics? (Every spontaneous physical or chemical process involves the second law!) Those nitrogen and oxygen molecules in the tire each have motional energy but it is far more 'localized', compressed in the small volume of the tire, than it would be in the huge volume of the atmosphere. Thus, the second law explains why punctures or blowouts occur: the motional energy of those localized/forced together molecules will become dispersed and spread out to the lower pressure, larger volume atmosphere if it is no longer hindered by the tire walls from becoming so.

6. Rocks that falls down on mountains
 A rock has potential energy (PE) localized in it when you lift it up above the ground. The rock is the 'system'; everything else it encounters is the 'surroundings'. Drop the rock and its PE changes to kinetic energy (energy of movement. KE), pushing air aside as it falls (therefore spreading out the rock’s KE a bit) before it hits the ground, dispersing a tiny bit of sound energy (compressed air) and causing a little heating (molecular motional energy) of the ground it hits and in the rock itself. The rock is unchanged (after a minute when it disperses to the air the small amount of heat it got from hitting the ground). But the potential energy that your muscles localized in by lifting it up is now totally spread out and dispersed all over in a little air movement and a little heating of the air and ground.

           So, It means to say that in every actions we do it is related to Science. We can say therefore that Science is everywhere and it is interesting subject.


Flashback on BS 109 (biochemistry)

      Ang subject na ito ay nakatutuwa, nakakabaliw, nakakaiyak, nakakaamaze at higit sa lahat madami kang matutunan na bagay na akala mo dati ay walang importansya. Paano ko nga ba nasurvive ang biochemistry?

          Mag umpisa tayo sa unang pasok ko sa subject na ito. Syempre puro flashback muna , mga founders, mga scientist tulad nila Eduard Buchner, mga di ma ubos ubos na concept. Siguro kung tatanungin niyo ko kung gaano kadaming concept, masasabi kong MAY FOREVER. Pero okay lang yun dahil sa kwela at napakagaling na guro ko sa Biochemistry na si Sir Emmerson Ramir Espana,  na itawid naman namin ang bawat concepts na ito dahil madalas inirerelate niya ito sa daily life.

         Pag usapan naman natin ang Exam and quizzes. Grabi...... Yan ang masasabi ko. Actually madali namang magbigay ng quiz si sir yun nga lang siguro tamad lang kaming mag advance reading at intindihin mabuti ang mga tinuturo niya (wala kasi akong inpirasyon:P)

         Pagtuturo ng teacher namin? Simple lang pero Magaling. Yan lang ang masasabi ko. Nakakaamaze malaman na ang galing nila sa Biochem. at iba pang larangan ng subject ng Chemistry.

        Masaya ako na kahit minsan mabababa ang nakukuha ko, atleast nasasabi ko sa sarili ko na atleast I've learned. As future teacher, Lahat ng tinuro nila ay ibabahagi ko din sa mga estudyante ko.Di lang ako magfofocus sa concept I will add some humor(tukad ng ginagawa ng guro ko) para di maboring ang klase at makuha ko ang atensyon ng aking mga estudyante.Biochemistry is a fun and interesting subject. I hope you will enjoy your Biochemistry Subject.

Things you may not know..

We need input to stabilize any relationship, to iron out the wrinkles or differences,
so that we don’t harbor and store things forever.

Entropy is the degree of disorder or randomness in any system. The second law of thermodynamics says that entropy increases with time. It reflects the instability of a system over a period of time if there is nothing to stabilize it.

In human relationships, we have interactions day after day and these relationships also become higgledy-piggledy. We let things build up in our inner chambers. These inner chambers become more and more disorganized as we store more and more, just like the books and clothes in our room. We keep harboring things, and one day what we harbor explodes, unless we do something about it. We need input to stabilize any relationship, to iron out the wrinkles or differences, so that we don’t harbor and store things forever.

But do we have to do this every time we make a mistake? Do we have to offer another person ice cream or candy to always pacify them? This would mean a constant investment to maintain a relationship.

When constant input is required every time there is a fight or an argument with a friend or family member, you will require greater input each time. You may even have to buy them a Mercedes one day, if you can afford it! At the same time, it is our business to love each other, whatever the cost. You will get hurt in the process, no doubt, and there will be a lot of energy consumption from your side, but if you are prepared for it the relationship will improve.

In a family, if you have to tolerate each other, then constant input is required. In situations where you have to give constant emotional input it is a broken family, even though you may be together.

The conclusion is that it is the love that you have in your heart
that is the input that stabilizes relationships.

In contrast, when there is love among all, and when acceptance is there, then you do not have to go on offering ice cream or going to some paradise vacation spot to patch things up. It is taken for granted that you accept each other with love. The conclusion is that it is the love that you have in your heart that is the input that stabilizes relationships. Things are okay. There is a greater level of acceptance.

I am not talking about tolerance. Tolerance may be a great virtue, but when you feel, “I can’t tolerate this person’s mistakes,” love will iron out everything, so that it is okay. From where does this love come? From a pure heart; from a truthful, genuine heart.

Distrust kills a relationship, but in families where we are taught to love, to sacrifice, to accept and to remain pure, we are able to let go of everything. We can remove the incompatibility, by understanding this principle of entropy.

---

When zero input is needed, it means that it is the most stable relationship,
the most stable family, where I don’t have to explain myself…
Where there is love, there is no need for explanations.

Famous Biochemists and their Works

Frederick Sanger was a British biochemist, well known for his groundbreaking research on aspects of biochemistry, which have influenced generations of research and progress in fields of biology and chemistry. He is the only Briton to have won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry twice, also one of the only two people overall to have won the Nobel Prize in the same category. His research on the insulin molecule revolutionized the study of proteins and landed him the first of his two Nobel Prizes. After his first Nobel Prize, he started researching at the Medical Research Council (MRC) which housed better facilities to carry forward his research. Surrounding himself with the brightest minds and collaborators, he shifted his focus towards genome studies after meeting Francis Crick and other researchers studying DNA. He continued studying RNA and DNA sequencing and developed a technique for sequencing DNA that came to be known as the ‘Sanger Method’, which later on, got automated and computerized and ended up being used in the ‘Human Genome Project’. He received his second Nobel Prize jointly with Walter Gilbert. They were credited for their immense contributions in research regarding the base sequences found in nucleic acids.

Arthur Kornberg was an American biochemist, born in New York City in early twentieth century. His initial aim was to become a doctor, but while studying for his medical degree, he began to take interest in research and started a survey to see if jaundice was common among medical students. The paper, which was published a year after he earned his MD, caught the attention of the Director of National Institutes of Health. On his invitation, Kornberg joined NIH and served there for eleven years; in-between he took breaks to update his knowledge on enzymes. Later he began his teaching career as a professor at Washington University, but continued with his research. Here he was able to isolate DNA polymerizing enzyme, which earned him Nobel Prize three years later..

Friedrich Wöhler was born in Eschersheim. In 1823 Wöhler finished his study of medicine in Heidelberg at the laboratory of Leopold Gmelin, who arranged for him to work under Jöns Jakob Berzelius in Stockholm, Sweden. Wöhler is regarded as a pioneer in organic chemistry as a result of his (accidentally) synthesizing urea in the Wöhler synthesis in 1828.This discovery has become celebrated as a refutation of vitalism, the hypothesis that living things are alive because of some special "vital force".Wöhler was also known for being a co-discoverer of beryllium, silicon and silicon nitride, as well as the synthesis of calcium carbide, among others. In 1834, Wöhler and Justus Liebig published an investigation of the oil of bitter almonds. They proved by their experiments that a group of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms can behave like an element, take the place of an element, and be exchanged for elements in chemical compounds.

Marshall W. Nirenberg was an American biochemist and geneticist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 with Har Gobind Khorana and Robert W. Holley for "breaking the genetic code." He also won several other prestigious awards for his contributions to genetics and biochemistry. Born in New York City, he developed an early interest in biology. As a young man he attended the University of Florida at Gainesville from where he earned his B. Sc. and M. Sc. degrees in Zoology before working for his Ph. D. degree from the Department of Biological Chemistry at the University of Michigan. He eventually became a research biochemist at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) where he initially focused his research on DNA, RNA and protein. In collaboration with H. Matthaei he demonstrated that messenger RNA is required for protein synthesis and that synthetic messenger RNA preparations can be used to decipher various aspects of the genetic code. His groundbreaking research led to his appointment as the head of the Section of Biochemical Genetics at the National Heart Institute, a position he served in until his death decades later.

James Batcheller Sumner was born at Canton, Mass., on Nov. 19, 1887.. In 1937, he was given a Guggenheim Fellowship; he went to Uppsala and worked in the laboratory of Professor The Svedberg for five months. He was awarded the Scheele Medal in Stockholm in the same year. When Northrop, of the Rockefeller Institute, obtained crystalline pepsin, and subsequently other enzymes, it became clear that Sumner had devised a general crystallization method for enzymes. The opponents gradually admitted Sumner's and Northrop's claims - Willstätter last of all - and the crowning recognition came in 1946 when the Nobel Prize was awarded to Sumner and Northrop. In 1948, Sumner was elected to the National Academy of Sciences (USA). 

In 1962 James Watson (b. 1928), Francis Crick (1916–2004), and Maurice Wilkins (1916–2004) jointly received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their 1953 determination of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Wilkins’s colleague Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958), who died of cancer at the age of 37, was not so honored because the  Nobel Prize can only be shared by three scientists.The molecule that is the basis for heredity, DNA, contains the patterns for constructing proteins in the body, including the various enzymes. A new understanding of heredity and hereditary disease was possible once it was determined that DNA consists of two chains twisted around each other, or double helixes, of alternating phosphate and sugar groups, and that the two chains are held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of organic bases—adenine (A) with thymine (T), and guanine (G) with cytosine (C). Modern biotechnology also has its basis in the structural knowledge of DNA—in this case the scientist’s ability to modify the DNA of host cells that will then produce a desired product, for example, insulin.

A flashback about Biochemistry

 
The history of biochemistry can be said to have started with the ancient Greeks who were interested in the composition and processes of life, although biochemistry as a specific scientific discipline has its beginning around the early 19th century. Some argued that the beginning of biochemistry may have been the discovery of the first enzyme, diastase (today called amylase), in 1833 by Anselme Payen, while others considered Eduard Buchner's first demonstration of a complex biochemical process alcoholic fermentation in cell-free extracts to be the birth of biochemistry.Some might also point to the influential work of Justus von Liebig from 1842, Animal chemistry, or, Organic chemistry in its applications to physiology and pathology, which presented a chemical theory of metabolism,or even earlier to the 18th century studies on fermentation and respiration by Antoine Lavoisier. The term “biochemistry” itself is derived from the combining form bio-, meaning "life", and chemistry. The word is first recorded in English in 1848, while in 1877, Felix Hoppe-Seyler used the term (Biochemie in German) in the foreword to the first issue of Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie (Journal of Physiological Chemistry) as a synonym for physiological chemistry and argued for the setting up of institutes dedicate to its studies. Nevertheless, several sources cite German chemist Carl Neuberg as having coined the term for the new discipline in 1903, and some credit it to Franz Hofmeister.

What is biochemistry?

It is the study of the chemical processes occurring in living matter. It explores the chemistry of living organisms and the molecular basis for the changes occurring in living cells.





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